Polycystic kidney disease is a hereditary condition where multiple cysts develop within the renal tubules of the kidney, impairing their function. As the cysts grow, they compress nearby nephrons, making them dysfunctional. Over time, this leads to a decrease in overall renal function, eventually reaching end-stage renal disease. There are two main types of polycystic kidney disease, both caused by genetics: autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive. Symptoms may initially be absent but can develop over time, including hypertension, excessive urine output, and an increased risk of urinary tract infections and renal stones. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging with ultrasound, CT, or MRI. Treatment can include medication to improve renal function and reduce hypertension, lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, renal replacement therapy or transplant.