Christopher D. Nielsen, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, discusses minimally invasive surgery for heart defects.

References and Resources
Li F, Chen M, Qiu Z, Lu J, Wu W. A new minimally invasive technique to occlude ventricular septal defect using an occluder device. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008 Mar;85(3):1067-71.

Nido PJ. Minimal incision congenital cardiac surgery. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;19(4):319-24.

Oiwa H, Ishida R, Sudo K. Systematic traction techniques in minimal-access pediatric cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004 Nov;78(5):1856-7.

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Christopher D. Nielsen, M.D.

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