Francis G. Spinale, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, discusses biomarkers in heart failure.

References and Resources
Spinale FG. Myocardial matrix remodeling and the matrix metalloproteinases: influence on cardiac form and function. Physiol Rev. 2007 Oct;87(4):1285-342. Review.

Braunwald E. Biomarkers in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008 May 15;358(20):2148-59.

Dorman BH, Stroud RE, Wyckoff MM, Zellner JL, Botta D, Leonardi AH, Ikonomidis JS, Spinale FG. Differential Effects of Epsilon-aminocaproic Acid and Aprotinin on Matrix Metalloproteinase Release in Patients Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2008 Apr;51(4):418-423.

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