New research is helping scientists better understand gene modification’s effects on many forms of bladder cancer. Additionally, results from numerous recent studies seem to foreshadow a change of tide in the management of many urologic cancers in the coming years.

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Carosella ED, Ploussard G, LeMaoult J, Desgrandchamps F. A Systematic Review of Immunotherapy in Urologic Cancer: Evolving Roles for Targeting of CTLA-4, PD-1/PD-L1, and HLA-G. Eur Urol. 2015;68(2):267-79.