Ryan N. Heffelfinger, MD, Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery at Jefferson Medical College, discusses surgical options for patients with loss of control of facial musculature. These include the more traditional use of facial slings using fascia lata grafting and dynamic rehabilitation using muscle.

References and Resources
Hadlock T. Facial paralysis: research and future directions. Facial Plast Surg. 2008 May;24(2):260-7.

Leonetti JP, Zender CA, Vandevender D, Marzo SJ. Long-term results of microvascular free-tissue transfer reanimation of the paralyzed face: three cases. Ear Nose Throat J. 2008 Apr;87(4):226-9, 233.

Boahene KD. Dynamic muscle transfer in facial reanimation. Facial Plast Surg. 2008 May;24(2):204-10.

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